Visual MLF?
I’ve got about 5 gallons of Baco Noir that just finished fermentation. I live in the Finger Lakes region of New York and I understand that both the region and the grape I’m using means that high acid will be an issue. This is only my second attempt at winemaking, so I’m still learning the ropes. Given the higher acid content of this wine (0.8 after fermentation) I’m going to put it through MLF. I’m kind of fine with this, as there are many resources available on how to test for progress. However, none of the resources answer the simple question: Can I visually see MLF in action like I do with standard fermentation? Will there be any fizzing or bubbles? Is chromatography the only way to make sure that the bacteria have survived and are doing their job?
Brian Testa
via email
Great question. MLF (malolactic fermentation) can be a bit confusing for some because it’s called a “fermentation” but it’s certainly not as active, visible, smell-able and in your face as your primary sugar-to-alcohol fermentation.
MLF happens when naturally-present (or artificially introduced) bacteria turn the malic acid in wine into lactic acid, producing a small amount of carbon dioxide gas and some aroma and mouthfeel components. I agree, you should put your Baco Noir through malolactic fermentation; it’ll de-acidify the wine a bit, round out flavors, and prevent MLF happening later in the bottle.
MLF sometimes happens on its own, concurrently with the primary sugar fermentation, so it may go to completion without you noticing anything at all. After primary is over, most commercial winemakers will run an enzymatic assay that measures the level of malic acid in the wine — this way they can tell if MLF is complete or not. Most home winemakers don’t have access to the expensive equipment and reagents to do this kind of analysis, but luckily you can still send a sample of wine to a commercial wine lab or do the old fashioned (but cheaper) paper chromatography assay. Kits can be purchased from scientific supply houses and from most commercial and hobby winemaking stores for under $50 US.
If you inoculate for MLF, depending on how quickly the fermentation happens, you may or may not notice anything. Sometimes, if you put your ear to the bunghole, you’ll be able to hear little “pin pricking” bubbles of CO2 being evolved, though not always. In cool climates, especially, and in high-acid wines, where the bacteria have a hard time surviving, you may not be able to hear the fermentation happening at all. Slow MLF can take months to completely turn all the malic acid in the wine into lactic acid; watch out because the wine will not be protected by a lot of carbon dioxide gas at this time so is very susceptible to infection by spoilage bacteria and increased VA (volatile acidity) production.
If you don’t hear any pin-pricks, and you suspect your MLF is dragging on for over a month or two, it’s always wise to use a chromatography kit to check for and/or monitor the completion of the fermentation. Unfortunately, chromatography isn’t a great quantitative assay — it only is an “indicator” assay and shows a malic and lactic acid “signature” that appears as a colored blob on the chromatography paper. Experienced chromatographers can see differences in the sizes of the respective blobs (as MLF finishes the malic acid blob disappears and the lactic blob gets bigger) and track the relative completeness of MLF, but it does take some practice. This is why commercial winemakers and serious home winemakers are moving away from chromatography and send samples to wine labs for an empirical numerical result. In addition, the solvent (butanol, formic acid and bromocresol green indicator) needed for the chromatography assay is really toxic, so I prefer to spend the money on enzymatic assays in order to keep it out of my house.
Either way you choose to monitor your fermentation, in red wines you usually want MLF to finish. For whites, whether you add SO2 early and keep some malic acid for crispness is up to you and your stylistic desires. I never recommend MLF for rosés as I find the bright pink color suffers and the wine can turn orange and even brown if left to go 100% ML complete. Remember, if you have residual malic acid in your wine you will have to either bottle with high (over 35 ppm) levels of free SO2 or sterile filter before bottling. Malolactic bacteria are ubiquitous in the environment (you’re probably breathing some in right now) so if you’ve got malic acid in your wine it’s almost certain the ML bacteria will chow on your wine and you’ll get CO2 bubbles and off aromas in the bottle.
When to lower pH
I have just purchased California grapes (white: Chenin Blanc, Sauvignon Blanc, Riesling and red: Sangiovese and Cabernet Sauvignon). The pH for those is between 3.7 to 3.9 and TA is 3 to 4. I learned that pH for whites should be around 3.3 and reds around 3.5. Should I try to lower pH? When during the winemaking process and what method should I use to do this?
Paul Brog
via email
Your pH’s do seem a bit high. I agree, for California grapes, I like to see whites in the 3.30–3.45 range and reds in the 3.45–3.65 range when picked. However, many of our winemaking friends live in colder climates and/or make wine styles where they may want to maintain more acidity, which is why I give a general white range of 3.10–3.45 and a red range of 3.40–3.65 in my book.
Lower pH’s mean more acid and, in the case of, say, a sweet Idaho Riesling, a winemaker may want their pH’s to be lower than your California version, especially if they’re going to leave a lot of residual sugar in it to balance out that acid. That’s what acid levels are really all about — balancing flavor, style and microbial safety. Remember that most spoilage bacteria are happier at high pH’s so once you get over 3.75 you’ll have to store your wines with at least 25 ppm free SO2 and keep your containers scrupulously topped up.
As far as adjusting acidity, I always use straight up tartaric acid powder with reds, and sometimes will use a 2?3 tartaric 1?3 malic acid blend for whites, if I’m not going to take them through ML fermentation. Sometimes I find that malic acid adds a little apple-like “zing” to white or rosé wines. Weigh out the number of grams of acid you want to add (a small digital scale is an invaluable tool) and dissolve the acid in a small amount of water, just enough to liquefy the crystals. Dump into your juice or must, mix well and you’re good to go. Acidity should always be adjusted before pitching the yeast as anything you might do to drastically change the yeast cell’s environment can make them cranky and prone to spitting out stinky hydrogen sulfide or even stick mid-ferment!
As far as how much acid you’ll have to add to get to where you want to be, that’s a bit of a trickier question. pH is a non-linear measurement and, especially since wine is a buffered solution, it’s really hard to predict how a certain g/L acid addition will shift your pH. It’s something even professional winemakers have a tough time dealing with. Often all we can do is go on our experience with the vineyard and make more than one addition to try to not overshoot our pH goal.
You’ll have an easier time, however, if you can get your musts measured for total acidity in g/L or g/100 mL. Wine labs like Vinquiry in Windsor and Napa, California can help with analysis. Once you have your TA measured, you will know how much acid to add per liter to adjust your TA by the numbers. I like my California whites between 5.5–8.0 g/L and reds between 5.0–6.5 g/L, though it’s always a decision based on taste and balance of richness, flavor and other factors. Don’t add too much acid, however, if you want your wine to go through MLF. Most ML bacteria have a hard time going through fermentation if the pH is below 3.30.
UC-Davis graduate and professional winemaker Alison Crowe has been answering hundreds of your winemaking questions as the “Wine Wizard” since 1998. Her Wizard columns have been collected in “The Winemaker’s Answer Book” which is available at winemakermagstore.com. Do you have a question for her? Send your inquiries to: [email protected]. Unfortunately, Alison cannot respond personally.
